Publications
Scientific Publications Supported by MSIDS Foundation Grants for Chronic Lyme disease/PTLDS, Tick-borne Co-infections, Long Covid, Alzheimer’s Disease
1. Horowitz, R.I. Improving Biomarkers of Inflammation Including Phosphorylated tau (p-tau) In a Patient With Chronic Lyme Disease/PTLDs using Dapsone Combination therapy: A Case Study and Literature Review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease Reports. Accepted April 2026. DOI: 10.1177/25424823261445434
2. Horowitz, R.I.; Fallon, J.; Freeman, P.R. Combining Double-Dose and High-Dose Pulsed Dapsone Combination Therapy for Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Co-Infections, Including Bartonella: A Report of 3 Cases and a Literature Review. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12050909
3. Horowitz, R.I.; Fallon, J.; Freeman, P.R. Comparison of the Efficacy of Longer versus Shorter Pulsed High Dose Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome with Bartonellosis and Associated Coinfections. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092301
4. Horowitz RI, Freeman PR. Efficacy of Short-Term High Dose Pulsed Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and Associated Co-Infections: A Report of Three Cases and Literature Review. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(7):912. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070912
5. Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Efficacy of Short-Term High Dose Pulsed Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and Associated Co-infections: A Report of Three Cases and Literature Review. Preprints 2022, 2022040296 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202204.0296.v1).
6. Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Efficacy of Double-Dose Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and Associated Co-infections: A Report of Three Cases and Retrospective Chart Review. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110725
7. Horowitz, R.I., Murali, K., Gaur, G. et al. Effect of dapsone alone and in combination with intracellular antibiotics against the biofilm form of B. burgdorferi. BMC Res Notes 13, 455 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05298-6
8. R.I. Horowitz, P.R. Freeman, Three Novel Prevention, Diagnostic and Treatment Options for COVID-19 Urgently Necessitating Controlled Randomized Trials, Medical Hypotheses (2020) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987720308276?via%3Dihub
9. Horowitz, R.I., Freeman P, Bruzzese, J. Efficacy of glutathione therapy in relieving dyspnea associated with COVID-19 pneumonia: A report of 2 cases. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, April 21, 2020. Article Number: 101063 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101063
10. Horowitz R, Freeman PR. Healthy Fetal Outcomes using a Novel Treatment for Maternal Lyme Disease and Babesiosis During Consecutive Pregnancies: A Case Study and Literature Review. Arch Med Case Rep. 2020; 2(1): 1-19. https://www.scientificarchives.com/public/assets/articles/article-pdf-1662806537-96.pdf
11. Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Precision Medicine: retrospective chart review and data analysis of 200 patients on dapsone combination therapy for chronic Lyme disease/post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome: part 1. International Journal of General Medicine 2019:12 101–119 https://www.dovepress.com/precision-medicine-retrospective-chart-review-and-data-analysis-of-200-peer-reviewed-article-IJGM
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30863136
12. Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Precision Medicine: The Role of the MSIDS Model in Defining, Diagnosing, and Treating Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Other Chronic Illness: Part 2. Healthcare 2018, 6, 129. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30400667
Other Articles and Books by Dr Richard Horowitz
NY Times Science Best Seller: Why Can’t I Get Better? Solving the Mystery of Lyme and Chronic Disease. Dr Richard I. Horowitz. St Martin’s Press, NYC. Publication date November 2013
Why Can’t I Get Better? Richard Horowitz, M.D.
HC ISBN-13: 978-1-250-01940-0
ISBN-10: 1-250-01940-0
6 1/8 9 ¼ ● 526 pages
EISBN-13: 978-1-250-03848-7
National Bestseller: How Can I Get Better? An Action Plan for Treating Resistant Lyme and Chronic Disease. St Martin’s Press, NYC, publication date February 2017
How Can I Get Better? Richard Horowitz, M.D.
HC ISBN 978-1-250-07054-8 (hardcover)
Ending Chronic Illness: A Revolutionary New Program to Reverse Inflammation and Heal Persistent Disease. Richard I. Horowitz MD. Simon and Schuser. Release Date October 13, 2026 https://cangetbetter.com/ending-chronic-illness/
Co-author, Tick-borne Disease Working Group report to Congress, November 2018: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/tbdwg-report-to-congress-2018.pdf
Co-author, HHS Other Tick-borne infections and Co-infections subcommittee report 2018
https://www.hhs.gov/ash/advisory-committees/tickbornedisease/reports/other-tbds-2018-5-9/index.html
Co-author, HHS Babesia and Tick-borne Pathogens subcommittee report 2020
https://www.hhs.gov/ash/advisory-committees/tickbornedisease/reports/babesiosis-subcomm-2020/index.html
Other Published Scientific Articles by Dr Richard Horowitz:
Shah, J.S.; Mark, O.; Caoili, E.; Poruri, A.; Horowitz, R.I.; Ashbaugh, A.D.; Ramasamy, R. A Fluorescence in Situ Hybridiza-tion (FISH) Test for Diagnosing Babesiosis. Diagnostics 2020, 10, 377. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/6/377 HTML Version: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/6/377/htm
Horowitz, RI. How “long covid” is shedding light on postviral syndromes. BMJ 2022; 378 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o2188 (Published 21 September 2022) Cite this as: BMJ 2022;378:o2188
Horowitz, R.I., The Global Rise of Chronic Diseases: Why Broaden the Paradigm to Include Tick-borne Illness and Environmental Toxin Exposure? Arch Med Case Rep. 2019, Volume 1, Issue 1. https://www.scientificarchives.com/admin/assets/articles/pdf/the-global-rise-of-chronic-diseases-why-broaden-the-paradigm-to-include-tick-borne-illness-and-environmental-toxin-exposure-20191222051232.pdf
Improvement of common variable immunodeficiency using embryonic stem cell therapy in a patient with lyme disease: a clinical case report. Richard Horowitz, Phyllis R. Freeman. Clinical Case Report, Open Access, Wiley and sons. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1556. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ccr3.1556
Horowitz R, Lacout A, Marcy PY, Perronne C, To test or not to test? Laboratory support for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Oct 10. pii: S1198-743X(17)30528-1. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.09.015. [Epub ahead of print]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29030171/ http://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(17)30528-1/fulltext
Empirical Validation of the Horowitz Multiple Systemic Infectious Disease Syndrome Questionnaire for Suspected Lyme Dis-ease. Maryalice Citera*, Ph.D., Phyllis R. Freeman2, Ph.D., Richard I. Horowitz2, M.D., International Journal of General Med-icine 2017:10 249–273
https://www.dovepress.com/empirical-validation-of-the-horowitz-multiple-systemic-infectious-dise-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28919803
Horowitz RI, Freeman PR (2016) Are Mycobacterium Drugs Effective for Treatment Resistant Lyme Disease, Tick-Borne Co-Infections, and Autoimmune Disease?. JSM Arthritis 1(2): 1008.
Horowitz RI, Freeman PR (2016) The Use of Dapsone as a Novel “Persister” Drug in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Dis-ease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res 7: 345. doi:10.4172/2155-9554.1000345
Letters: Lyme disease: time to shift the paradigm. Approach to diagnosing Lyme disease misses a large proportion of cases, Dr Richard Horowitz BMJ 2016; 352 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i113 (Published 13 January 2016) Cite this as: BMJ 2016;352:i113
Clinical Roundup: Selected Treatment Options for Lyme disease: Multiple Causative Factors in Chronic Disease. Alt and Compl Therapies. DOI:10. 1089/act.2012.18407. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Vol 18, No.4 Aug 2012. http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/act.2012.18407?journalCode=act
Human Babesiosis and Ehrlichiosis-Current Status. Shah, J., Horowitz, R., Eur Infect Dis, Vol 6, Issue 1, Spring 2012
Pain-Management Strategies In the Chronically Ill Lyme Disease Patient, Horowitz, R., P T. 2012 Apr; 37(4): 247–248
Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti: bad or worse? Stricker RB, Burrascano JJ, Harris NS, Horowitz R, Johnson L, Smith PV, Phillips SE. J Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 15;193(6):901-2; author reply 902. PMID: 16479529
Controversy brewing over Lyme Disease testing. Phillips, Burrasano, Horowitz, Savely, Stricker. The Lancet, Vol 6 March 2006
Rash Discussions about STARI and Lyme Disease. Stricker, Horowitz, et. al. Clinical Infectious Disease, January 15, 2006 V42i2 p 306.
Possible role of tick-borne infection in “cat-scratch disease”: comment on the article by Giladi et al. Stricker RB, Brewer JH, Burrascano JJ, Horowitz R, Johnson L, Phillips SE, Savely VR, Sherr VT. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Jul;54(7):2347-8. PMID: 16802385
Lyme Disease: Scratching the Surface. Phillips, Harris, Horowitz, Johnson, Stricker. The Lancet. Vol. 2005 November 19
Evidence-based guidelines for the management of Lyme Disease. Cameron, Horowitz, et al. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 2(1) 2004
Abstracts:
Bartonella Henselae: Limitations of Serological Testing: Evaluation of Elisa and Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing In a Cohort of Lyme Disease Patients and Implications for Treatment. Horowitz R.I., M.D. et.al. Abstract, 16th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, June 2003.
Borrelia Burgdorferi & Bartonella Henselae: A Study Comparing Tetracyclines In Combination with Quinolones in Co-Infected Patients. Horowitz R.I.,M.D. et.al. Abstract, 16th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, June 2003.
Mycoplasma Infections in Chronic Lyme Disease: A Retrospective Analysis of Co-Infection and Persistence Demonstrated by PCR Analysis Despite Long Term Antibiotic Treatment. Horowitz R.I.,M.D. et.al. Abstract, 16th International Scientific Confer-ence on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, June 2003.
A Prospective Study of Heavy Metal Exposure Among Lyme Disease Patients with Chronic Persistent Symptomatology: Implications for Treatment. Horowitz R.I.,M.D. et.al. Abstract, 16th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, June 2003.
Lyme Disease and Pregnancy: Implications of Chronic Infection, PCR Testing and Prenatal Treatment. Horowitz R.I. et.al. Abstract, 16th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, June 2003.
Effects of Shifting the Acid-Base Balance Among Lyme Patients during Jarish Herxheimer Flares: A Small Prospective Study. Horowitz R.I.,M.D. et.al. Abstract, 16th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, June 2003.
Lyme Disease and Babesiosis: New Therapeutic Options for Chronic Persistent Disease. Horowitz R.I.,M.D.. Abstract, 13th Annual International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease and other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, March 25-26,2000.
Mefloquinine and Artemesia: A Prospective Trial of Combination Therapy in Chronic Babesiosis Horowitz R.I.,M.D.. Abstract, 13th Annual International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease and other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, March 25-26,2000.
Chronic Persistent Lyme Borreliosis: PCR Evidence of Chronic Infection Despite Extended Antibiotic Therapy- A Retrospec-tive Review Horowitz R.I.,M.D.. Abstract, 13th Annual International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease and other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, March 25-26,2000.
Chronic Lyme Disease: A Symptom Complex of Multiple Co-Infections: New Diagnostic & Treatment Protocols. Horowitz, R.I.,M.D. 12th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-BorneDisorders, April 9-10, 1999. New York, New York.
Bicillin Therapy and Lyme Disease: A Retrospective Study of the Safety and Efficacy of
High Dose Intramuscular Bicillin in the Treatment of Chronic resistant Lyme Disease. Horowitz, R.I., M.D. 12th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Disorders, April 9-10, 1999. New York, New York
High Dose Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxatole Therapy: A Useful Adjunct to Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Resistant Babesiosis. Horowitz, R.I., M.D. 12th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Disorders, April 9-10, 1999. New York, New York
Metronidazole Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease. Horowitz, R.I., M.D. 12th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Disorders, April 9-10, 1999. New York, New York.
Chronic Persistent Babesiosis after Acute Treatment with Cleocin and quinine, and Atovaquone and Azithromycin Horowitz, R.I., M.D. 12th
International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Disorders, April 9-10, 1999. New York, New York
Babesiosis in Upstate New York: PCR and RNA Evidence of Co-Infection with Babesia Microti Among Ixodidae Ticks in Dutchess County, NY.
Horowitz, R.I., M.D. 12th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Disorders, April 9-10, 1999. New York, New York
Atovaquone and Azithromycin Therapy: A New Treatment Protocol for Babesiosis in Co-Infected Lyme Patients. Horowitz, R.I., M.D. 11th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Disorders, April 25-26, 1998. New York, New York.
Alternative Therapies, 5 (5), 30-31: Rainbow Healing Arts Center: Integrating the Science of Medicine with the Art of Healing. Horowitz, R.I., M.D., September 1999.
Developmental Genetics, Int. J. Insect Morphol Embryol, 7 (4), 359-375: A mutation that affects female and male germ cells differently in Drosophila Melanogaster Meign. King, Bahns, Horowitz, Larramendi. Pergamon Press, 1978.